In an outdoor environment (say a veggie bed), you may want to spread a nitrogen rich amendment over the native soil in late fall (say alfalfa meal), then cover it with a carbon rich material like wood chips, brown leaves, straw, etc..
Over the next several months, the materials will break down. Earthworms will be attracted to this area, and will tunnel up into it, munch it, tunnel back down into the native soil, and crap it out as fresh, nutrient-rich worm castings.
By springtime, your native soil will be in MUCH better shape than it was before. Then you can plant your spring veggies and lay down another layer of mulch WITHOUT the nitrogen-rich additive, and the mulch should last through the growing season.