You can do it, it will grow, it just won't be as effective as up-potting once or twice through the grow. Speak to anyone in the nursery industry or any old school gardeners, they'll tell you to almost root bind them before up-potting to build a better root system. It's more work but more effective/productive in the long run. I re-use the soil, mixed in with new soil in the first couple of containers as they never sit in there for more than a 2-3 weeks before their final container.
I agree with this, if for no other reason than to be able to apply mychorrizae at each transplant.
You end up with a much more dense rootball, and more roots equals more growth.
You can absolutely plant a seed in a huge container if you want to, but the roots will shoot out the deepest and widest areas first, and from there the roots don't tend to fill up the remaining space as well.
I'm making this statement based solely on my post harvest rootball examinations, which I urge every new grower, that is trying new methods, to do, you can tell a whole lot from the rootball, what worked and what didn't, after you dial in your mix and technique, then you can go to a ROLS setup if you want