By this logic rights that exist in the 1st 10 amendments are not simply basic rights but were the only rights. The right to own a gun existed before the 2nd guaranteed and specified it. The right of people to not be owned was only specified by the 13th once and for all.
Enshrining them in the constitution is supposed to make them immutable. The question of whether they otherwise existed at English common law depends on the specific right in question. Under the English common law, slavery was perfectly legitimate; black Africans had no "right...to not be owned."