One big Advantage to repotting is time, putting a fresh cut into a 5 gallon pot I’ve found severely (by a few weeks) slows down the growth process compared to going from a 1 gal to a 5 gal. Furthermore, I’ve finished plants that never got a good rootball when transplanting direct to large pot (did this as an experiment).
I could be wrong, and it's just an observation, but it sure seems the vast majority of pictures showing a young plant struggling, it's in a large pot.
I've tinkered a fair amount, and in my indoor hydro environment, small plants grow best in small pots.
Transplanting doesn't seem to slow down growth at all with a healthy vigorous plant.
I transplant from pint sized grow bags to 1 or 2 gallon fabric pots and usually see roots poking through in just a few days.
I've also grown the same cuts in 1 gal vs. 5 gal fabric pots and have seen no noticeable difference.
The main distinction is the 1 gal plants required automation to feed frequently enough, and the 5 gal can get through a day with one feed.