Even though this information is out there I'll tell you anyway. First of all you can flower directly from seed, it's not recommended cuz of small yields. Next you decide when to flower, it all depends how much room you have. So if you have height restrictions keep in mind that once you induce flowering your plant will double maybe even triple in size. As for showing signs of sex you must first switch to 12/12 and it will be from 3 days to 2 weeks till it shows sex, all depending on the strain and maturaty of the plant
pretty good info right there.. the only thing that i disagree with is that you can sex a plant in veg if you let it veg for a long enough period of time.. usually after about 6 or 8 weeks from seed, a plant will start to show preflowers, even in 24 hours of light.. you can sex it from the preflowers..
your brother is also kind of right that a lot of times you can simply tell a male from a female plant by looks.. not always, but a lot of times, males will be taller and thinner than girls, but you can't bank on this all of the time..
i like to wait till i see one of two things if not both of them before i start flowering since i have plenty of room for tall girls.. the first is preflowers.. like i said earlier, once they get big enough and old enough, you will start to see preflowers.. preflowers are a good sign that they are reaching sexual maturity and can be flowered at any time..
the second thing i look for is what is called uneven nodes... if you notice, when a plant grows from seed, the branches, or nodes, come out evenly on one side of the main stem, just across from each other, that gives the plant that typical xmas tree shape... but as they age and get closer to sexual maturity, they will start to put out uneven nodes, meaning one on one side of the main stem, and instead of one right across from it, you'll have about an inch or so than you'll have another node on the other side of the plant.. than another inch or so and back to the other side again..
this is a sign that the plant is getting closer to sexual maturity as well..
like budding said, you can flower anytime you want, but 12 /12 from seed is going to decrease your yields greatly.. the bigger the plants are before flowering, the more they are going to yield for you in the end... i like to look at plants like people.. even though a 12 year old girl can physically have a kid, it's not always the best idea.. no job, probably no loving baby daddy and no schooling are all going to hold back that baby.. now, say a 22 year old has a kid.. more than likely she's going to be well established, have a good job, a loving baby daddy, etc.. the baby to the 22 year old is more than likely going to be better off than the one born to a 12 year old.. same with plants.. even though you can start flowering the day the seeds break the surface of the soil, the plants aren't going to be as well off as they would have been if you had waited for signs that the plant was ready to be flowered, ie, uneven nodes and preflowers..